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Open central unrounded vowel

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{{Infobox IPA


[1]{{sfnp|Keati

Features

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  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel. This often subsumes open (low) front vowels, because the tongue does not have as much flexibility in positioning as it does for the close (high) vowels; the difference between an open front vowel and an open back vowel is equal to the difference between a close front and a close central vowel, or a close central and a close back vowel.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence

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Most languages have some form of an unrounded open vowel. Because the IPA uses ⟨a⟩ for both front and central unrounded open vowels, it is not always clear whether a particular language uses the former or the latter. However, there may not actually be a difference. (See Vowel § Acoustics.)

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Burmese[2] မာ / ma [mä] 'hard' Oral allophone of /a/ in open syllables; realized as near-open [ɐ] in other environments.[2]
Catalan sac [säk] 'bag' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[3] 塌／tā [tʰä˥]ⓘ 'collapse' See Standard Chinese phonology
Czech[4][5] prach [präx] 'dust' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[6] barn [ˈpɑ̈ːˀn] 'child' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch[7][8] zaal [zäːɫ] 'hall' Ranges from front to central;[7] in non-standard accents it may be back. See Dutch phonology
English Australian[9] bra [bɹɐ̞ː] 'bra' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See Australian English phonology
East Anglian[10] Used mostly by middle-class speakers; can be front [aː] instead.[10]
General American[11] In the Midwest. Can be back [ɑː] instead.[11]
New Zealand[12][13] Can be more front [a̠ː] and/or higher [ɐ̟ː ~ ɐː] instead.[12][13] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐː⟩. See New Zealand English phonology
Mid-Ulster
Can be more front [a] instead.
trap [t̪͆ɹäp] 'trap'
Some Canadian and Californian speakers[14][15] [t̠ɹ̝̊äp̚] See Canadian Shift and English phonology
Multicultural London[16] [t̠ɹ̝̊äʔp] More front [a] in other Southern England English.
Northern England[17] [tʰɹäp] More front [a] in Scouse.
French Parisian[18][19] patte [pät̪] 'paw' Older speakers have two contrastive open vowels: front /a/ and back /ɑ/.[19] See French phonology
German[20][21] Katze [ˈkʰät͡sə] 'cat' Can be more front or more back in regional Standard German.[22] See Standard German phonology
Hindi आकार / akaar [äkäːɾ] 'shape' Contrasts with the Mid-central vowel [ə]. See Hindi phonology.
Hungarian[23] láb [läːb] 'leg' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[24] casa [ˈkäːsä] 'home' See Italian phonology
Japanese[25] 蚊 / ka [kä]ⓘ 'mosquito' See Japanese phonology
Limburgish Hamont-Achel dialect[26] zaak [ˈzǎ̠ːk] 'business' Front [aː] in other dialects.
Lithuanian ratas [räːtɐs̪] 'wheel' See Lithuanian phonology
Malay Standard رق / rak [räʔ] 'shelf' See Malay phonology
Kelantan-Pattani سست / sesat [səˈsäʔ] 'lost' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalam വാൾ [ʋäːɭ̩] 'sword' See Malayalam phonology
Polish[27] kat [kät̪]ⓘ 'executioner' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[28] vá [vä] 'go' See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[29] cal [käl] 'horse' See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[30][31] пас / pas [pâ̠s̪] 'dog' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Spanish[32] rata [ˈrät̪ä] 'rat' See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard[33][34] bank [bäŋk] 'bank' Also described as front [a].[35][36] See Swedish phonology
Thai[37] บางกอก / baang-gɔ̀ɔk [bäːŋ˧.kɔːk̚˨˩]ⓘ 'Bangkok' See Thai phonology
Turkish[38] Standard at [ät̪] 'horse' Also described as back [ɑ].[39] See Turkish phonology
Welsh siarad [ʃäräd] 'talk' See Welsh phonology
Yoruba[40] àbá [ä̀.bä́] 'idea' See Yoruba phonology

Notes

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  1. ^ International Phonetic Association (1989), p. 74.
  2. ^ a b Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
  3. ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 110–111.
  4. ^ Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  5. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  6. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  7. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 104.
  8. ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  9. ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), pp. 64–65.
  10. ^ a b Trudgill (2004), p. 172.
  11. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 476.
  12. ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
  13. ^ a b Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–23.
  14. ^ Esling & Warkentyne (1993), p. ?.
  15. ^ Boberg (2004), pp. 361–362.
  16. ^ Kerswill, Torgerson & Fox (2006), p. 30.
  17. ^ Boberg (2004), p. 361.
  18. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  19. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2013), pp. 226–227.
  20. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  21. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  22. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  23. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  24. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  25. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  26. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  27. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  28. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  29. ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
  30. ^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
  31. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  32. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
  33. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  34. ^ Riad (2014), p. 35.
  35. ^ Bolander (2001), p. 55.
  36. ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
  37. ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 25.
  38. ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  39. ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  40. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

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