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King of Afghanistan

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Monarch of Afghanistan
  • د افغانستان پاچا (Pashto)
  • پادشاه افغانستان (Dari)
Royal Standard
(1931–1973)
Last to reign:
Mohammad Zahir Shah
8 November 1933 – 17 July 1973
Details
StyleHis Majesty
First monarchMirwais Hotak (Emir)
Last monarchMohammad Zahir Shah (King)
Formation1709
Abolition17 July 1973
ResidenceKabul:
AppointerHereditary
Pretender(s)Prince Muhammad Zahir Khan

Monarchs

[edit]

Hotak Empire (1709–1738)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Mirwais Hotak
  • Mirwais the Grandfather
1673–171517091715Established the Hotak dynasty in Kandahar.HotakMirwais Hotak of Afghanistan
Abdul Aziz HotakDied 171717151717Brother of Mirwais HotakHotakAbdul Aziz Hotak of Afghanistan
Mahmud Hotak1697 – 22 April 1725171722 April 1725Son of Mirwais HotakHotakMahmud Hotak of Afghanistan
Ashraf HotakDied 173022 April 17251730Nephew of Mirwais HotakHotakAshraf Hotak of Afghanistan
Hussain HotakDied 1738173024 March 1738
(deposed)		Son of Mirwais Hotak
Deposed by Nader Shah in Siege of Kandahar		HotakHussain Hotak of Afghanistan

Durrani Empire (1747–1823)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Ahmad Shah Durrani
  • the Father of the Nation
1720/1722 – 4 June 1772June 17474 June 1772Established the Durrani dynasty and the Durrani Empire; Considered founder of modern AfghanistanSadozai (Durrani)Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
Timur Shah DurraniDecember 1746 – 20 May 1793November 177220 May 1793Son of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Preserved the Durrani Empire following the death of his father after fighting off civil war in 1772, and multiple rebellions		DurraniTimur Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
Zaman Shah Durrani1770–184420 May 179325 July 1801
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed		DurraniZaman Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
Mahmud Shah Durrani
(1st reign)
  • Shah Mahmud
1769 – 18 April 182925 July 180113 July 1803
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed		DurraniMahmud Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
Shah Shujah Durrani
(1st reign)
  • Inayat-i-llahi, Shuja ul-Mulk, Muhammad Bahadur
4 November 1785 – 5 April 184213 July 18033 May 1809
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed, and making multiple attempts to reclaim his throne		DurraniShah Shujah Durrani of Afghanistan
Mahmud Shah Durrani
(2nd reign)
  • Shah Mahmud
1769 – 18 April 18293 May 18091818
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Exiled to Herat following his deposition during his second reign		DurraniMahmud Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
Ali Shah DurraniDied 1818/181918181819
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah DurraniDurraniAli Shah Durrani of Afghanistan
Ayub Shah DurraniDied 1 October 183718191823
(deposed)		Son of Timur Shah DurraniDurraniAyub Shah Durrani of Afghanistan

Emirate of Kabul / Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Sultan Mohammad Khan
  • Mohammad Khan Telai
1792–183418231826
(deposed)		First ruler of the Barakzai dynasty; Son of Sardar Payendah Khan, brother of Dost Mohammad KhanBarakzaiSultan Mohammad Khan Telai of Afghanistan
Dost Mohammad Khan
(1st reign)
  • Amir al-Mu'minin, Amir-i Kabir
23 December 1792 – 9 June 1863Summer 18266 August 1839
(deposed)		Son of Sardar Payendah Khan
Forged campaigns to re-unite Afghanistan which was divided due to the civil wars between the sons of Timur Shah Durrani. Reign disputed from 1839–1842 by Shah Shujah Durrani in the First Anglo-Afghan War		BarakzaiDost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan
Shah Shujah Durrani
(2nd reign)
  • Inayat-i-llahi, Shuja ul-Mulk, Muhammad Bahadur
4 November 1785 – 5 April 18427 August 18395 April 1842Son of Timur Shah Durrani
Returned to the throne with the help of the British in the First Anglo-Afghan War, murdered in the aftermath of the 1842 retreat from Kabul		DurraniShah Shujah Durrani of Afghanistan
Akbar Khan
  • Amīr Akbar Khān, Mohammad Akbar Khān
1816–1847May 18421843Son of Dost Mohammad KhanBarakzaiAkbar Khan of Afghanistan
Dost Mohammad Khan
(2nd reign)
  • Amir al-Mu'minin, Amir-i Kabir
23 December 1792 – 9 June 186318439 June 1863Son of Sardar Payendah Khan
Returned to the throne after the British and Shah Shuja were defeated in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Coined the term "Afghanistan" after an alliance with the British. Went on to defeat the remaining powers inside Afghanistan[a], reunifying the country after a brutal civil war lasting 70 years from 1793–1863 by the time of his death		BarakzaiDost Mohammad Khan of Afghanistan
Sher Ali Khan
(1st reign)		1825 – 21 February 18799 June 1863May 1866
(deposed)		Son of Dost Mohammad KhanBarakzaiSher Ali Khan of Afghanistan
Mohammad Afzal Khan1815 – 7 October 1867May 18667 October 1867Son of Dost Mohammad KhanBarakzaiMohammad Afzal Khan of Afghanistan
Mohammad Azam Khan1820–18707 October 186721 August 1868Son of Dost Mohammad KhanBarakzaiMohammad Azam Khan of Afghanistan
Sher Ali Khan
(2nd reign)		1825 – 21 February 18799 September 186821 February 1879Son of Dost Mohammad KhanBarakzaiSher Ali Khan of Afghanistan
Mohammad Yaqub Khan1849 – 15 November 192321 February 187912 October 1879
(deposed)		Son of Sher Ali Khan
Deposed during the Second Anglo-Afghan War		BarakzaiMohammad Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan
Ayub Khan
1857 – 7 April 191412 October 187931 May 1880
(deposed)		Son of Sher Ali Khan
Defeated in the Battle of Kandahar and exiled at the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War		BarakzaiMohammad Yaqub Khan of Afghanistan
Abdur Rahman Khan
  • the Iron Amir
1840/44 – 1 October 190131 May 18801 October 1901Son of Mohammad Afzal KhanBarakzaiAbdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan
Habibullah Khan3 June 1872 – 20 February 19191 October 190120 February 1919Son of Abdur Rahman KhanBarakzaiHabibullah Khan of Afghanistan
Nasrullah Khan1874–192020 February 191928 February 1919
(deposed)		Son of Abdur Rahman KhanBarakzaiNasrullah Khan of Afghanistan
Amanullah Khan1 June 1892 – 25 April 196028 February 19199 June 1926Son of Habibullah KhanBarakzaiAmanullah Khan of Afghanistan

Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1929)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Amanullah Khan1 June 1892 – 25 April 19609 June 192614 January 1929
(abdicated)		Son of Habibullah KhanBarakzaiAmanullah Khan of Afghanistan
Inayatullah Khan20 October 1888 – 12 August 194614 January 192917 January 1929
(deposed)		Son of Habibullah KhanBarakzaiInayatullah Khan of Afghanistan

Saqqawist Emirate and the 1928–1929 civil war

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Habibullāh Kalakāni
  • Bacha-ye Saqao
19 January 1891 – 3 November 192917 January 1929 [b]13 October 1929Styled as king and emir [c]; contested the throne during the 1928–29 civil war;[6] deposed and executed[7]Non-dynasticHabibullāh Kalakāni of Afghanistan
Ali Ahmad Khan1883 – 11 July 192917 January 19299 February 1929Grandson of Dost Mohammad Khan (maternal)
Styled as King; rose in opposition to Kalakāni during the 1928–29 civil war; captured and executed		BarakzaiAli Ahmad Khan of Afghanistan
Amanullah Khan1 June 1892 – 25 April 1960March 192923 May 1929Son of Habibullah Khan
Former King; returned to Afghanistan to contest the throne during the 1928–29 civil war; eventually retreated back into British India;[8] See also Amanullah loyalism		BarakzaiAmanullah Khan of Afghanistan

Kingdom of Afghanistan (restored; 1929–1973)

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Mohammad Nadir Shah9 April 1883 – 8 November 193315 October 1929[9]8 November 1933Great-nephew of Dost Mohammed Khan
Assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara[10]		BarakzaiMohammad Nadir Shah of Afghanistan
Mohammad Zahir Shah
  • the Father of the Nation
    (from 2004) [d]
15 October 1914 – 23 July 20078 November 193317 July 1973
(deposed)		Son of Mohammad Nadir Shah
Deposed by first cousin Mohammad Daoud Khan in the 1973 coup d'état		BarakzaiMohammad Zahir Shah of Afghanistan

Local monarchs

[edit]

Some rulers tried to take advantage of internal conflicts in Afghanistan to claim the throne. However, their rule was limited only to certain areas.

NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Jehandad KhanDied 1914May 1912May 1912
(deposed)		Styled as Emir; ruled only in Khost during the 1912 rebellionNon-dynasticJehandad Khan of Afghanistan
Abd-al Karim1897 – 18 February 1927July 192430 January 1925
(deposed)		Son of Mohammad Yaqub Khan
Styled as Emir; rule limited to the Southern Province during the 1924–1925 rebellion		BarakzaiAbd-al Karim of Afghanistan
Salemaic. 1944c. 1946
(deposed)		Styled as King; rule limited to the Eastern Province during the 1944–47 tribal revoltsNon-dynasticSalemai of Afghanistan

See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^ Most notably Herat (see Herat campaign of 1862–1863) and Qandahar (see Conquest of Kandahar).
  2. ^ Most sources list 17 January 1929, the day that Kalakāni captured Kabul, as the date that his reign began.[1][2] However, he had been formally claiming the title of emir since 14 December 1928.[3]
  3. ^ Kalakāni referred to himself as both "king"[4] and "emir".[5]
  4. ^ "The late King was always fondly referred to by all Afghans, cutting across ethnic boundaries, as "Baba-e-Millat" or 'Father of the Nation', a position given to him in the country's Constitution promulgated in January 2004, about two years after the collapse of Taliban rule. The title of the 'Father of the Nation' dissolves with his death."[11]


References

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  1. ^ Qassem, Dr Ahmad Shayeq (2013-03-28). Afghanistan's Political Stability: A Dream Unrealised. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 175. ISBN 9781409499428.
  2. ^ Wazir, Azmatullah Khan (2002). The immediate solution of Afghan crisis. A.K. Wazir. p. 8.
  3. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; McChesney, R. D. (1999). Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 9781558761544.
  4. ^ "ExecutedToday.com » 1929: Habibullah Kalakani, Tajik bandit-king". 1 November 2016. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  5. ^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib; Muḥammad, Faiḍ (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-55876-155-1.
  6. ^ "Rebel Becomes King in Afghanistan". The New York Times. 18 January 1929. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  7. ^ "Afghan Usurper Yields to New King". The New York Times. 24 October 1929. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  8. ^ "Amanullah Hungry in Flight to India". The New York Times. 26 May 1929. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  9. ^ "Nadir Khan is Elected Amir of Afghanistan". The New York Times. 18 October 1929. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  10. ^ "King of Afghanistan Is Slain at Kabul; Stable Boy Won Throne by Military Skill". The New York Times. 9 November 1933. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  11. ^ "Last King of Afghanistan dies at 92". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
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